Operators

Arithmetic

Binary operators

+     Addition
-     Subtraction
*     Multiplication
/     Division
%     Modulus (returns the integer remainder)
**    Exponent

Unary operators

-     Unary negation (reverses the sign)
++    Increment (can be prefix or postfix) 
--    Decrement (can be prefix or postfix)

Assignment

=     Assign

+=    Add and assign
-=    Subtract and assign
*=    Multiply and assign
/=    Divide and assign
%=    Modulus and assign
**=   Exponent and assign

• Sample usage   Output

Comparison

Strings    Numbers
-------    -------
  eq         ==
  ne         !=
  gt         >
  ge         >=
  lt         <
  le         <=
  cmp        <=>

Conditional

? :   Ternary comparison operator

      condition ? val1 : val2  (Evaluates val1 if condition is true; otherwise, evaluates val2)

Boolean

• Short-circuit logical operations
• Evaluates the minimal number of expressions necessary
• Partial evaluation (rather than full evaluation)

&&    And
||    Or
!     Not (logical negation)

Bitwise

Binary operators

&     And
|     Or
^     Xor

<<    Shift left (zero fill) 
>>    Shift right (sign-propogating); copies of the leftmost bit (sign bit) are shifted in from the left. 

Unary operators

~     Not (inverts the bits)

String

=     Assignment
.     Concatenation
x     Repetition (multiplication) 

.=    Concatenate and assign
x=    Repeat and assign

$str = "ab" . "cd";    # "abcd"
$str .= " ";           # Append a space
$str x= 5;             # Repeat the string 5 times

List

()    List constructor
,     Used to separate elements of the list
[]    Used to take slices of the list
..    Range operator; creates a list of numbers in the range n..m

("zero", "one", "two")[0, 2];    # ("zero", "two")
("zero", "one", "two")[1..2];    # ("one", "two")

Binding

=~
!~    Logical negation of =~

• Apply the regex to the variable
  
• Used for pattern matching

$str =~ /one/;    # Search $str for "one".